Prolog and Natural Language Analysis

• EACL Links
• Natural Language Processing at Stanford, by Manning
  • lecture16 transcript

• Natural (Language) Temporal Logic: Reasoning about Absolute and Relative Time
• Automatic Inspection of Industrial Use Case Models

Resource:

• http://www.delph-in.net/erg/

• Interpretation as Abduction

• lisp seminar nlp 2008

• work by Michael Collins at MIT, including
  • A Tree-to-Tree Model for Statistical Machine Translation by Brooke Cowan

• older papers on Lingol by Pratt: Linguistics-Oriented Programming Language, Baker

• Powerset search engine

• Xerox Parc NLP Group

• When Logical Inference Helps Determining Textual Entailment

• Three Stories on Automated Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding

• http://www.loria.fr/~blackbur/pub.html
• TWO BOOKS: http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~jbos/comsem/ (cached here)
• Two-variable fragment of English
• Type-logical semantics, by Bob Carpenter, The MIT Press 1997
  • pdf of review, link to review

• Minimal Recursion Semantics: An Introduction

• Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition) (Prentice Hall Series in Artificial Intelligence) by Daniel Jurafsky (Author), James H. Martin (Author)
  • See Chapter 18, Chapter 21, Section 25.2.4

• Jerry R. Hobbs work:
  • the syntax of English in an abductive framework
  • common sense theory

• From Discourse to Logic By Hans Kamp, Uwe Reyle

• Order-Based Inference in Natural Logic

• A Natural Logic for Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Representation (1994) by Syed S. Ali
• Natural logic for textual inference

• the seminar at MIT in 2006
• Model Checking Contracts
• Encoding the Contract Language CL Into Grammatical Framework
• Marie-Laure POTET
• Legal expert system
• Artificial intelligence and law
• Stefan Hoefler from Uni Zurich

Local Textual Inference by Manning (discussion of a competition)

An Inference Model for Semantic Entailment in Natural Language

Machine Reading report and http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/research/rair/slate/

• Type Coercion from a Natural Language Generation Point of View

• http://www.eswc2007.org/pdf/eswc07-groza.pdf

• Semantic Markup for TeX/LaTeX
  • ActiveMath Download

• ESWC 2007
• http://www.eswc2007.org/pdf/eswc07-witte.pdf
• http://www.eswc2007.org/pdf/eswc07-auer.pdf

Plato

Webalt

Speech and Language Processing Book Draft

Natural Language Toolkit

Precise understanding of Language by computers

These resources are the starting point for exploring some aspects of semantically annotated text. More information on proposed project directions will appear here soon.

• http://domino.mpi-inf.mpg.de/internet/news.nsf/0/3f3616db06ebd948c12573b6003992ab?OpenDocument

http://research.cs.queensu.ca/~cordy/Papers/ZKMMC_Biblio_NLDB07.pdf

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.62.155

Controlled languages are interesting in technical domains. On the one hand, one can formula first-order logic in english-like formalism, but that remains first-order logic. Similarly, one can simply restrict English to a smaller vocabulary, without providing formal semantics for such restricted language. There is a large space of possibilities of combining these two directions.

• Attempto controlled English
• Simplified English Checker

Translation: Controlled English for Knowledge-Based Machine Translation

Controlled Language and Decription Logics: CalvaneseNaturalLanguageDL1, CalvaneseNaturalLanguageDL2

• Presenting Theories, Chapter 4 in Isabelle tutorial
• documentation systems such as JavaDOC, OcamlDoc, Web etc. usually have a subset of features of Isabelle documentation

These two dissertations are examples of work on natural language processing that uses explicit precise semantic models (as opposed to implicitly encoding semantic information, if at all):

• http://www.lti.cs.cmu.edu/Research/Thesis/OctavPopescu05.pdf
• http://www.stanford.edu/~iddolev/pulc/memos/dissertation_draft_20070403.pdf
• http://www.geocities.com/iddolev/pulc/applications.html

• Model Generation for Natural Language Interpretation and Analysis: http://springerlink.com/content/jrmywck3ly0p/

Introducing natural language program analysis,

We can also give English text representation to meanings of specification languages for software. The KeY project did this for OCL language in the UML modelling language:

Natural Language Specifications, note the quote: “However, the provided natural language translations are on the same ab- straction level as the original OCL specifications (as noted above). The intended reader of the translations must therefore be comfortable with this abstraction level. For instance, we cannot expect a translation of OCL specifications involving low-level implementation issues to be understandable to a customer.”

JACK tool had a part that translates English sentences to temporal logic (with some dialog for disambiguation):

The Integration Project for the JACK Environement (1994)

Obtaining Models for Test Generation from Natural Language-Like Functional Specifications

Debugging method names and related papers

• http://codex.stanford.edu/ (Michael Genesereth)

• http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/361227.361229
• http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/elephant/elephant.html

If we have precise semantic representation, generating natural language text from it is easier than generating semantic representation from natural language text. Therefore, exploring natural language generation for semantic representations is very relevant.

Overview of NL generation

Verbalization of High-Level Formal Proofs

http://www.ags.uni-sb.de/~chris/papers/C24.pdf

Special issue of JAPL, esp. Supporting the formal verification of mathematical texts

Tools:

• KPML

Some general links on statistical reasoning (if relevant):

Alchemy

Mallet tools from UMass Amherst and Similar software

• http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
• Resources from Neuchatel

http://www.nltk.org/